Heart Figure, 1900

Continuing the Valentine's Day theme, here's a heart-themed dance game from St. Louis dancing master Jacob Mahler's 1900 compilation Original Cotillion Figures.  I'll give the full text from Mahler first, then a few notes on the listed music.

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Heart Figure
Jacob Mahler, St. Louis, Mo.

Music — Waltz — "Just One Girl."

Properties — White card board hearts about three inches wide and four inches long, tied with baby ribbon four inches long.  These hearts are handed to the ladies; they write their names upon the heart (upon one side only), the leader hangs these hearts upon a curtain at one end of the room, The [sic] written side turned to the curtain.

The Figure.

The leader calls up as many couple as he has hearts upon the curtain, at signal they all gather in front of curtain, at signal the gentlemen rush forward select a heart, and dance with the lady whose name is written upon the heart.

Favors — Silver hearts, cupid arrow pins, links.

This figure may be made more effective by giving the gentlemen toy guns, with small arrows to shoot at the hearts, and whatever heart he strikes would be his partner.  While the figure is more exciting, I am somewhat afraid of the danger attached to the use of the gun.

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First, I would like to remark on how unusual it is for a dancing master to show some concern about the use of toy guns in this figure.  Given that this same dancing master was unconcerned about blinded people crashing into each other and that another felt that it was amusing to have gentlemen wandering around in the dark pricking themselves on the thorns of a giant fake rosebush, the fact that someone actually noticed that giving the gentlemen guns, even toy ones, might be a bad idea is rather refreshing.

The figure itself is an absolutely standard one, a more elaborate version of drawing names out of a hat or otherwise randomly selecting a partner.  But the suggested music, "Just One Girl", has some interesting history attached to it.  It was a popular piece; there are copies all over the internet.  A good-quality one is at the Lester S. Levy Sheet Music Collection at Johns Hopkins University.  The composer was Lyn Udall, the lyricist Karl Kennett. 

The Julius Witmark who is shown on the cover was a precocious boy performer in minstrel shows in the late nineteenth century.  He made his debut at twelve, and by fourteen was performing with the Thatcher, Primrose and West Minstrels, "the only one to appear in whiteface", according to a biography published in The Music Trade Review in 1908.  (Primrose and West would later discard blackface entirely in favor of "white minstrelsy".)  "Just One Girl" appears in that same biography in a list of famous songs written especially for Witmark and introduced by him.  

At roughly the same time, he and his brothers (also still in their teens) were founding the music publishing firm M. Witmark & Sons, which published "Just One Girl".  The song was also performed by others, and one can actually hear the song this figure was matched to, as an actual recording from 1900 exists at The Library of Congress National Jukebox Project, though the recording quality is not good enough to use in the ballroom.  Be warned that the song is preceded on the recording by some minstrel-show humor.  

Witmark lost a leg in a streetcar accident in 1907 and died in 1929 at the age of fifty-nine, according to his obituary in the June 15, 1929, edition of The New York Times.

Edited 12/29/2022 to add:

Here's a video of a lovely…metal record?  I'm no expert on early twentieth century recording technology.  It's a minstrelsy-free instrumental performance of "Just One Girl" that makes it much easier to hear as a dance tune.

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